This timeline shows how career theories have evolved over time.
Names: Parsons, Williamson, Holland
Vocational guidance is accomplished first by studying the individual, then by surveying occupations, and finally by matching the individual with the occupation.
Names: Ginzberg & Associates, Tiedman, Super, Gottfredson, Roe
Career development is a process that takes place over the life span. Career development activities should be designed to meet the needs of individuals at all stages of life.
Name: Rogers
Career development is focused on the nature of the relationship between the helper and client. It encompasses the core conditions of unconditional positive regards, genuineness, congruence and empathy.
Name: Krumboltz
The individual's unique learning experiences over their lifespan develop primary influences that lead to career choice.
Name: Kelly, Cochran, Jepsen
Truth is discovered subjectively through dialogue rather than through objective testing. This approach emphasises the individual’s experience and decision making through exploring personal constructs and the client’s narrative about their life.
Names: Richard Bandler, John Grinder
A way of coding thinking, language and behaviour based on the principle that changing the way one thinks can change behaviour.
Name: John Krumboltz
Chance events play a role in every career. The goal for clients is to generate beneficial chance events and have the ability to take advantage of them.
Names: Michael White and David Epston, Gregory Bateson
Clients are encouraged to separate themselves from their problems (ie, the problem becomes external). The client makes sense of their experiences by using stories.
Names: Dr. Mason Durie
Māori health is a balance between four interacting dimensions: te taha wairua (the spiritual side); te taha hinengaro (thoughts and feelings); te taha tinana (the physical side) and te taha whānau (family).
A model of practice. All parts of the client’s life are taken into account through regular sessions.
Updated 4 May 2016
